I have been disturbed over the arena in which the debate has been carried out. According to Alan S. Milward, in 1946–47 the average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,080, an amount insufficient for long-term health. In May 1946, General Clay's stop-order on the dismantling of plants (for reparations) marked the first open recognition of the failure of Potsdam. [13] He later resigned for health reasons,[14] though there were anecdotal reports that his resignation was brought about by "the Morgenthau business".[13]. The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for "eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character." Churchill later said that "At first I was violently opposed to the idea. The final version of the document "was purged of the most important elements of the Morgenthau plan".[49]. [37][need quotation to verify] The first "level of industry" plan, signed in 1946, stated that German heavy industry was to be lowered to 50% of its 1938 levels by the closing of 1,500 manufacturing plants.[38]. During the signing of the plan, which coincided with the signing of a loan agreement, President Roosevelt proposed that they sign the plan first. Morgentau-Plan. Henry Burke Wend refers to JCS 1067, as approved on 14 May 1945, as a compromise document which, "together with Truman's ascension to the presidency [on 12 April 1945], spelled the demise of the Morgenthau Plan". I have not approved anything like that. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Allied plans for German industry after World War II, Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II, "Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany [The original memorandum from 1944, signed by Morgenthau] (text and facsimile)", https://web.archive.org/web/20080414103548/http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2008/webarticles/080103_marshallplan.html, "The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq", "Draft, The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3, March, 1947; OF 950B: Economic Mission as to Food...", ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, Press release, "Der Zweite Weltkrieg: Von Pearl Harbor bis Hiroshima", "The campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public, 1944–1948", Preparatory memorandum for the Quebec conference, BBC Radio 4, History: Things We Forgot to Remember; The Morgenthau plan, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgenthau_Plan&oldid=1006923232, Aftermath of World War II in the United States, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2013, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. DER MORGENTHAU-PLAN Vorbemerkung des Herausgebers Der hier folgende Beitrag eines australischen Historikers (Monash University, Vic.) William Clayton reported to Washington that "millions of people are slowly starving". I have no recollection of this at all. [7], The original memorandum, written sometime between January and early September 1944, signed by Morgenthau, and headed "Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany" is preserved at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. [92] "[11] Morgenthau was the only Cabinet member invited to participate in the Quebec Conference, during which the Plan was agreed. 22Once the Allies had occupied Germany, the Morgenthau Plan was formally turned into "the occupation directive JCS 1067". Occupation forces were not to assist with economic development apart from the agricultural sector. Michael Zürn [de] talks of the policy of "Never again a strong Germany!" Sources in the US government stated that the purpose of this was the "ultimate destruction of the war potential of German forests". It was replaced by JCS 1779, which instead stressed that "[a]n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany".[42]. Areas in grey are areas intended for annexation by France, Poland and the U.S.S.R. Datum: 25. [77] Meanwhile, Poland was now in possession of almost a quarter of pre-war German territory, including the important industrial centers in Silesia and the richest coal fields in Europe. Der Beweis, dass die sogenannte Klima-Politik der Morgenthau-Plan ist. The conviction that Germany had nothing to expect from defeat but oppression and exploitation still prevails, and that accounts for the fact that the Germans continue to fight. It was first proposed by United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. in a 1944 memorandum entitled Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany. [45], In occupied Germany Morgenthau left a direct legacy through what in OMGUS commonly were called "Morgenthau boys". Morgenthau had been able to wield considerable influence over Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067. September 1944 in die Öffentlichkeit kam, war die Reaktion so negativ, dass auch Präsident Roosevelt sich distanzierte. All people within the area should be made to understand that this area will not again be allowed to become an industrial area. This included the removal or destruction of all industrial plants and equipment in the Ruhr. The original of these policies apparently expressed on September 15, 1944, at Quebec, aimed at: converting Germany into a country principally agricultural and pastoral, the industries of the Ruhr and the Saar would therefore be put out of action, closed down...[61], Early US plans for "industrial disarmament" included detaching the Saarland and the Ruhr from Germany in order to remove much of the remaining industrial potential. Von deutschem Boden sollte nie wieder ein Krieg ausgehen können. [54][99][100] Benz also states that Morgenthau had romantic agrarianist ideals which might mean that the intentions of his plan could have been beyond preventing conflicts. Clip from the BBC Imagine documentary in which Anself Kiefer discusses his Morgenthau Plan canvases, exhibited at the Royal Academy in London in 2014. [51], In November 1945 General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Military Governor of the US Occupation Zone, approved the distribution of 1,000 free copies of the book to American military officials in occupied Germany. Dobbins remarks that the harsh punitive measures shifted toward reform over time as the US faced with the problem of feeding millions of Germans and the Soviet expansion. Angelegt war der Plan auf 20 Jahre. A new document was drafted, the Joint Chiefs of Staff directive 1067 (JCS 1067). All plants and equipment not removed within a stated period of time, say 6 months, will be completely destroyed or reduced to scrap and allocated to the United Nations. Mit dem Morgentau am frühen Morgen hatte der Morgenthau-Plan nichts zu tun. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 12. [23] However, some commentators, such as Gareau, extend the term to mean "any postwar program designed to effect and preserve German disarmament by significantly reducing German industrial might". Also known as the "Speech of hope" it set the tone of future US policy as it repudiated the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and with its message of change to a policy of economic reconstruction gave the Germans hope for the future. [3][4] An investigation by Herbert Hoover concluded the plan would result in up to 25 million Germans starving to death. Everything that could not be dismantled was blown up or otherwise destroyed. After 1947, when conflicting policies began to be reconciled, economic and social conditions began to be improved. However, it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states. Machen Sie Ihren Gästen oder Mitarbeiter*innen ein Geschenk und erleben Sie, wie Ihre Veranstaltung zu einem unvergesslichen Event wird, … The German people must have it driven home to them that the whole nation has been engaged in a lawless conspiracy against the decencies of modern civilization. Roosevelt's motivations for agreeing to Morgenthau's proposal may be attributed to his desire to be on good terms with Joseph Stalin and to a personal conviction that Germany must be treated harshly. Als Kredite (!) Hull told Roosevelt that the plan would inspire last-ditch resistance and cost thousands of American lives. It was made known to the public two months after the US had succeeded in incorporating much of it into the Potsdam Agreement. Episode 2 of 4 Michael Portillo remembers the Morgenthau Plan which aimed to … Die Schrecken und das Leid, das Deutschland unter den Nationalsozialisten angerichtet hatte, waren Ende 1944 noch ganz nahe. Historian Stephen Ambrose draws the conclusion that, despite Eisenhower's later claims that the act was not an endorsement of the Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved of the plan and had previously given Morgenthau at least some of his ideas on how Germany should be treated. Accordingly, all people and their families within the area having special skills or technical training should be encouraged to migrate permanently from the area and should be as widely dispersed as possible. 138–39. : It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after surrender. The "Morgenthau boys" resigned en masse when JCS 1779 was approved, but before they went, the Morgenthau followers in the decartelization division of OMGUS accomplished one last task in the spring of 1947: the destruction of the old German banking system. [72][73][74] During the more than two years that this policy was in place, no industrial research in Germany could take place[citation needed] without any results being automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities. In a largely symbolic 2004 resolution by the lower house of the Polish Parliament reparations of $640 billion were demanded from Germany, mainly as a weapon in an ongoing argument regarding German property claims on formerly German territory. [95][96], German historian Bernd Greiner [de] talks of the failure of Morgenthau and the backward-looking political minority that supported him, stating that by the end of 1945 Morgenthau's staff had returned to the USA despondent, and those then in charge were not interested in "industrial disarmament". 1944 sah ein Plan des damaligen US-Finanzministers Henry Morgenthau die Umwandlung Deutschlands in ein Agrarland vor. It is not a question of a regime, but of the homeland itself, and to save that, every German is bound to obey the call, whether he be Nazi or member of the opposition.[34]. Und in einem Radiointerview mit dem SWR vor einem Monat (02.05.2018) hatte ich dazu erklärt: The manufacture of metal furniture can be quickly turned in the manufacture of armament. A large proportion of operational civilian plants were dismantled and transported to the victorious nations, mainly France and Russia. [9], This memorandum is also referred to as the Morgenthau plan.[10]. In 1944, Morgenthau proposed the Morgenthau Plan for postwar Germany, calling for Germany to lose its heavy industry, and the Ruhr "should not only be stripped of all presently existing industries, but so weakened and controlled that it can not in the foreseeable future become an industrial area". John Gimbel comes to the conclusion, in his book Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany, that the "intellectual reparations" taken by the US and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion. Finanz-)Minister H. Morgenthau benannte Plan von 1944 sah vor, DEU nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg durch Teilung, Demontage, Stilllegung und Entindustrialisierung sowie der Internationalisierung bestimmter Regionen in einen Agrarstaat umzuwandeln. ISBN 978-8895145273, The Second Quebec Conference (September 1944). Title: Morgenthau Plan. In einem Blogpost vom Januar hatte ich bereits die Aussage des Politikwissenschaftlers Ivan Krastev zustimmend zitiert, nach der die Angst vor dem Verschwinden als das entscheidende psychologische Moment rechtspopulistischer Bewegungen gelten dürfte. File:Germany Morgenthau Plan-en.svg ist eine vektorisierte Version dieses Bildes. At the Second Quebec Conference on September 16, 1944, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Henry Morgenthau, Jr. persuaded the initially very rel… Goebbels said that "The Jew Morgenthau" wanted to make Germany into a giant potato patch. The occupation directive remained secret until October 17, 1945. [88] einen Million, die bei der Flachenbombardierung umgekommen war, und den drei Millionen, die bei der Vertreibung aus den deutschen Ostgebieten urns … Der Morgenthau-Plan steht bis heute im Ruch, er habe Deutschland zerstören, zerstückeln und in einen Agrarstaat umwandeln wollen. "[30], General George Marshall complained to Morgenthau that German resistance had strengthened. [5] From 1947, US policies aimed at restoring a "stable and productive Germany" and were soon followed by the Marshall Plan. Auf dem Plan ist die Ent- Gefördert in den Jahren 2011 bis 2013 von. US occupation policies aimed at "industrial disarmament",[2] but contained a number of deliberate "loopholes", limiting any action to short-term military measures and preventing large-scale destruction of mines and industrial plants, giving wide-ranging discretion to the military governor and Morgenthau's opponents at the War Department. [78] In addition, many ethnic Germans living within the Polish pre-war borders were prior to their expulsion for years used as forced labor in camps such as the camp run by Salomon Morel, for example, Central Labour Camp Jaworzno, Central Labour Camp Potulice, Łambinowice, Zgoda labour camp and others. The Western powers' worst fear by now was that the poverty and hunger would drive the Germans to Communism. Was sollte dies konkret bedeuten? The first and main turning point was the speech "Restatement of Policy on Germany" held in Stuttgart by the United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes on September 6, 1946. Mit dem Morgentau am frühen Morgen hatte der Morgenthau-Plan nichts zu tun. There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a "pastoral state". [18], Some have read into the clause "from whom we had much to ask" that Churchill was bought off, and note a September 15 memo from Roosevelt to Hull stating that "Morgenthau has presented at Quebec, in conjunction with his plan for Germany, a proposal of credits to Britain totalling six and half billion dollars." "[87] The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value, all German patents both in Germany and abroad, and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies. "[12], Secretary of State Hull was outraged by Morgenthau's "inconceivable intrusion" into foreign policy. These were US Treasury officials whom Dwight D. Eisenhower had "loaned" to the Army of occupation. Medium: Acrylic, emulsion, oil, and shellac on inkjet prints mounted on canvas. Churchill was not inclined to support the proposal, saying "England would be chained to a dead body." The production of oil, rubber, merchant ships, and aircraft were prohibited. [39][40] The continued scarcity in Germany also led to considerable expenses for the occupying powers, which were obligated to try to make up the most important shortfalls through the GARIOA program (Government and Relief in Occupied Areas). All heavy industry was to be dismantled or otherwise destroyed. "[35] The president died before the end of the war, and the plan never took effect. Here the US military government of occupation in Germany was ordered to "take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany [or] designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy" and it was also ordered that starvation, disease and civil unrest were to be kept below such levels where they would pose a danger to the troops of occupation.