[53] Initially there was calm during the transitional period after independence, but on 2 April 1948, the CPB fired the first shots of the conflict in Paukkongyi, Pegu Region (present-day Bago Region). Talks ended without any agreement being reached. New Delhi: Ruby Press & Co., 2014. "UN General Assembly Resolution: Time for Concrete Action" (Press release). U Nu, U Nu: Saturday's Son, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press) 1975, p. 272. International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) The internal conflict in Myanmar is a series of insurgencies in Myanmar that began shortly after the country, then known as Burma, gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. The Tatmadaw are accused of deliberate and systematic targeting of civilians, sexual violence, discriminatory rhetoric against minorities, and impunity for its soldiers. 2020–21 Sudanese–Ethiopian clashes; Africa Eritrea Ethiopia Sudan: 17,016+ 2,835: 14,594+ Wars (1,000–9,999 combat-related deaths in current or past year) The 13 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and fewer than 10,000 direct, violent deaths in a current or past calendar year. The Arakan Army, founded in 2009, is currently the largest insurgent group in Rakhine State, with around 7,000 fighters. On 15 November 2020, Myanmar's Union Election Commission (UEC) confirmed Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) victory in the general elections held on 8 November, taking 396 of the 498 seats up for election in both chambers of parliament. [175] UNICEF has reported that living conditions in Rohingya refugee camps in Rakhine State are "wholly inadequate" and lacks access to basic services. Certainly, there is no other way to explain a disaster in which a battalion-sized unit jumps directly into an encirclement that sees it losing scores of men, killed and captured, including its commanding officer. [184], On 31 March 2015, a draft of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) was finalised between representatives from 15 different insurgent groups (all part of the Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination Team or NCCT) and the government of Myanmar. [160][161] A number of politicians and activists have been killed for voicing their opposition to the military's role in the government, such as constitutional lawyer Ko Ni, who was assassinated after he called for political reforms to reduce the military's influence. [105], The initial aim of the Karen National Union (KNU) and its armed wing the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) was to create independent state for the Karen people. He was replaced by Ne Win, a Bamar nationalist who would go on to become the dictator of Myanmar. Covering geo-political news and current affairs across Asia. However, the new constitution, only had a few clauses dedicated to minority rights, and therefore, the government discussed with rebel factions using the new constitution for reference, rather than the Panglong Agreement. [1][2][3] China also offered $3 million USD to fund the negotiations. [citation needed], Reports of human rights abuses committed by the military and local paramilitaries prompted the UN Human Rights Council to launch an independent international fact-finding mission in March 2017, with which Myanmar's government failed to cooperate. [203], Thailand had been a vocal supporter of various insurgent groups in Myanmar, condemning actions done by the then ruling military juntas and allowing weapons and ammunition to be smuggled through its border through lax enforcement. Die Geschichte Myanmars umfasst die Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Republik der Union Myanmar von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. [28], Series of primarily ethnic-based insurgencies in Myanmar that began in 1948. According to the Myanmar Peace Monitoring group, clashes between the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), its allies, and the government, have displaced hundreds of thousands of people, and created another severe humanitarian crisis in Kachin and northern Shan State. During the 8888 Uprising, Aung San Suu Kyi emerged as a national symbol for democracy, after leading the country's largest opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD). The communists and ethnic minorities in the country were dissatisfied with the newly formed government, believing that they were being unfairly excluded from governing the country. Retrieved 23 November 2014, from. First conceived in 2008, the scheme aims at linking Mizoram in India’s landlocked and underdeveloped northeastern region with the Bay of Bengal along the Kaladan, which flows out of India through Paletwa and into the Bay of Bengal. Karen insurgent groups have fought for independence and self-determination since 1949. It also highlighted crimes committed by insurgent groups in Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Shan State, including arson, extortion, destruction of property, forced labour, rape, murder, and forced disappearances. 2020 Tigray War. Video footage released on social media by AA sources in late February showing army troops captured in earlier jungle-fighting revealed glimpses of strikingly young soldiers, many still likely in their teens. Medien berichten vom bislang blutigsten Tag. Čavoški, Jovan. Die übrigen 32 % verteilen sich auf Minderheiten wie die Shan (9 %), Karen (inkl. [citation needed], In 1995, the main headquarters and operating bases of the KNU were mostly destroyed or captured by the government, forcing the KNLA to operate from the jungles of Kayin State. Kipgen, Nehginpao. Kachin regular soldiers previously formed a significant part of the Myanmar military; however, after General Ne Win's regime seized power in 1962, many Kachin soldiers defected from the military and reorganized with already active Kachin insurgents to form the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), under the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO). The former had fought the British colonial government prior to independence; however, during the final days of the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II, both groups helped the British fight against the Imperial Japanese Army. This site, like many others, uses small files called cookies to help us improve and customize your experience. Internal Displacement in Burma. Despite numerous ceasefires and the creation of autonomous self-administered zones in 2008, many groups continue to call for independence, increased autonomy, or the federalisation of the country. [177] The Rohingya people have been described by the United Nations as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities. [206] Burmese military officials have likewise toured Vietnam to receive military advice from their counterparts in the People's Army of Vietnam. Sicherheitskräfte sollen auf friedliche Demonstranten feuern. The gravity of the crisis was plain to see on March 10 and 11 when the Myanmar military, or Tatmadaw, suffered its most stinging reverse to date at the hands of the Arakan Army (AA), the most aggressive of a range of ethnic forces demanding autonomy after seven decades of centralized Bamar-dominated misrule. Fuller, T. (4 April 2013). Most striking in this context has been the deployment of long-range truck-mounted multiple rocket launch systems (MRLS). The military junta arranged a general election in 1990 and the NLD won a majority of the vote. 2007. p. 342. A total of 71 people were reportedly killed in the armed clashes. Es werden bis auf weiteres keine Einreisevisa erteilt. Under a largely effective news blackout and internet shutdown, conflict-affected areas of Chin and Rakhine are off-limits to both Myanmar and international media. Ms Suu Kyi's appearance comes a day after the deadliest day of protests, when 18 people were killed. The government had however, denied these claims. [100] The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) estimates that in April and May 2018, over 14,000 people were displaced from fighting between the KIO/KIA and the Tatmadaw. (18 June 2014). The legal and political rights of the Rohingya people have been an underlying issue in the conflict, with spontaneous bouts of violence such as the 2012 Rakhine State riots and 2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots periodically occurring as a result. In 1988, nationwide student protests resulted in the BSPP and General Ne Win being ousted and replaced with a new military regime, the State Peace and Development Council. [167], The conflict has resulted in a large number of both civilian deaths and refugees, with many refugees fleeing to neighbouring countries such as Thailand, China, India, and Bangladesh. [59] However, in March 2018, the government of Myanmar violated the agreement by sending 400 Tatmadaw soldiers into KNU-held territory to build a road connecting two military bases.