Infections acquired in a hospital are called nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Agents of nosocomial infections. Symptoms depend on which part of the body is infected. Nosocomial infections are those which are acquired by the patient within 48-72 h or 3 days of admission in the hospital or medical care unit. Gram-positive bacteria are the commonest cause of nosocomial infections with Staphylococcus aureus being the predominant pathogen. Nosocomial infections are often caused by breaches of infection control practices and procedures, unclean and non-sterile environmental surfaces, and/or ill hospital staff. Nosocomial infections are caused by many microbes and each one can cause infection in healthcare settings. bloodstream infection (BSI). Infections can occur in any part of the body. Bacteria develop resistance when they acquire new genetic material. The mode of transfer of hospital-acquired infection can be either by direct or by indirect contact. Despite the highly specialized interventions and policies, the rate of infection is still high due to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Though any bacteria may cause a nosocomial infection, there is an increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDR) causing hospital-acquired infections. Nosocomial infection is a kind of infection, which is spread in various hospital environments, and leads to many serious diseases (e.g. During the first decades of critical care from the 1950s through the 1970s, nosocomial bacterial infections were more common among surgical patients than medical patients . Nosocomial Pneumonia 300,000 cases/year in U.S. – 10-15% of nosocomial infections leading cause of death from nosocomial infection – crude mortality 35-50% ventilator-associated pneumonias occur 48-72 h post endotracheal intubation organisms may originate from endogenous flora, other patients, visitors, or environmental sources Nosocomial infections are infections or diseases that are contracted from a healthcare environment, clinic facility or hospital (Table 1). Baseline data comprised data on bacterial pathogens associated with the 4 most common types of nosocomial infections from an internal NNIS report on hospital-wide surveillance in 1975 (unpublished data). In December 1970, CDC's Hospital Infections Section, Bacterial Diseases Branch, first received reports of episodes of nosocomial Enterobacter sp. The microbes cause nosocomial infections originated in hospitals, clinics, and medical care center. Bacteria are responsible for about ninety percent infections, whereas protozoans, fungi, viruses and mycobacteria are less contributing compared to bacterial infections . They can also be referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Until 1986, surveillance was hospital wide: all hospitalized patients were monitored for nosocomial infections at all sites. There has been an increase in the rate of antibiotic resistant bacteria associated with nosocomial infections in ICU. Bacteria are predominant a … pneumonia, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, and puerperal fever), and causes higher mortality than community-acquired infection. There was early concern about an association with receipt of intravenous (IV) fluids because the patients had no primary infections or cultures yielding Enterobacter. The most common sites of infection are the bloodstream, lungs, urinary tract, and surgical wounds. Nosocomial infections are defined as hospital-acquired infections (i.e., infections or diseases acquired by patients few hours after hospitalization).