Medical recipes often ⇒ Read More, Horses played a critical role in Philadelphia’s growth and development as an industrial city, but over time their role as prime movers gradually diminished, and after the mid-twentieth century their role was primarily recreational. Originally part of 5,700 acres that William Penn sold to two groups from the Rhine region of what is now Germany, German Township was a processing center, made ⇒ Read More, Through more than three centuries of building and rebuilding settlements, towns, and cities, the region centered on Philadelphia and spanning southeastern Pennsylvania, South Jersey, and northern Delaware became a living museum of American architectural history. Primarily known for taxonomy (the science of classifying organisms), ornithological study transformed in the 1860s after the scientific community discovered a conclusive evolutionary link between birds and dinosaurs. Philadelphia pepper pot became popular throughout ⇒ Read More, Pietism was the source for much of the early religious vitality and diversity in Philadelphia. To support or oppose economic conditions and policies imposed by imperial, provincial, and local legislators, they periodically engaged in public celebrations, civil ⇒ Read More, Cumberland County, New Jersey, located on the Delaware Bay about thirty-five miles south of Philadelphia, was formed from the southeastern part of Salem County in 1748. By the ⇒ Read More, From the founding of Philadelphia in 1682 until the late 1800s, a vibrant community of cabinetmakers plied their skills alongside specialists in carving, chair making, and turning. Linked to the Philadelphia port from the eighteenth century onward, the eastern part of the county, including Chester and its neighboring municipalities along ⇒ Read More, As dentistry slowly emerged as a profession in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, innovative dentists in Philadelphia helped to shape dental care, procedures, and tools. Since the arrival of Catholicism in the Philadelphia region in the early eighteenth century, parishes have shaped Catholics’ sense of communal identity by functioning as both the administrative unit of a diocese and the primary site of Catholic worship. Several million people each year make a pilgrimage to see it, many dabbing their eyes as they gaze at it intently. Since then, waves of immigrant ⇒ Read More, Located on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, Bartram’s Garden, considered the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America, has served as a monument to the storied history of Philadelphia’s botanical endeavors and to the genius of John Bartram (1699–1777) and his descendants. Philadelphia's Independence Hall played host to the Continental Congress. Area retailers played a pivotal part in fostering consumer culture in the nineteenth century and set industry standards for the nation. Pennsylvania and the American Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 2013. —–. Indeed, from the colonial era to the twenty-first century, poetry often stood at the center of civic life, fully engaged with the public sphere. The city of Philadelphia was, in addition to being the largest city North America at the time, the spiritual heart of Revolutionary America. The city never contained much support for the Loyalist cause, and the soldiers did little to ingratiate themselves to the locals. The changing of a calendar year from one to the next has long been cause for commemoration and reflection, and the city’s diverse communities have shaped ⇒ Read More, Founded in 1784 as the county seat of Montgomery County, Norristown sits on three hills that slope down to the Schuylkill River fifteen miles northwest of Center City Philadelphia. Philadelphia-area farmers grew tobacco, local manufacturers produced cigars and cigarettes, and the N.W. However, the final draft was not complete until 1777 while the Continental Congress was ensconced in York, Pennsylvania, during the British ⇒ Read More, As skilled laborers who hand-crafted their goods on a per-customer basis, artisans played a central role in the formation of Philadelphia’s prerevolutionary economy: producing essential goods and services and providing social stability within households composed not just of immediate family but also of journeymen and apprentices. The Pine Barrens have, over time, been a home to Native American populations, a center of early American industry, a hub of military activity, ⇒ Read More, Philadelphia, like many cities throughout the Atlantic world, encountered a new threat in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries from pirates who raided the numerous merchant vessels in the region. Your tax-deductible gift will help us to preserve this irreplaceable twice-hallowed ground at Gaines' Mill and Cold Harbor — forever. It is also one that offers provocative examples of how people consider the past. It remained a viable industry throughout the region’s history, however, ranging from small neighborhood bakeries to large baking companies with national product distribution. Benedict Arnold, still then a war hero after Saratoga, also took up residence in the house where Howe made his headquarters. Pirates also remained active after 1730, using the city as a staging ⇒ Read More, When American patriots declared independence from Great Britain in 1776, the single largest boon to their cause was the nation’s ability to feed itself—as well as much of the Atlantic world. In the meantime, General Washington set up defensive positions along the Brandywine River in order to guard the route between Baltimore and Philadelphia. Yet neither were they its enemies. Most Americans know the names of George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton, but among the leaders of the American Revolutionary Period that we refer to as the Founders, there remain a select few who fall under the radar. Few regions in the United States can claim an abolitionist heritage as rich as Philadelphia. Civil defense, generally defined as local voluntary programs designed to protect civilian life and property during times of conflict, has taken many forms: militia, home defense, civilian defense, ⇒ Read More, Classical music stands apart from vernacular (or “folk” music) and from “popular” music (in the form of simplified commercial entertainment) in its complexity of structure and high level of performance requirements. Convening in May 1775, the group contained representatives from all thirteen American colonies. —–. With the decline of manufacturing near the close of the twentieth century, the city emerged ⇒ Read More, Located on the Woodbury Creek in the northwestern part of Gloucester County, Woodbury formed as a result of the first Quaker family to settle the area, in 1683. Home remedies preserve traditional domestic healthcare practices, and they have persisted into the twenty-first century as part of alternative medicine and mainstream scientific therapies. By the early 2000s, in contrast, candidates and supportive political action committees poured millions into mayoral elections. Bodle, Wayne. Established in 1675, the city of Salem had early prominence and served as a port of entry, but was soon overshadowed by Philadelphia. In military action as well as politics, the New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware stood at the crossroads of revolution. Independence Hall in American Memory. Along with other Reformed churches, the German Reformed Church provided a spiritual home for German immigrants and their children that, over time, also served as a medium for adapting to American culture even ⇒ Read More, Three hours long and a mile-and-a-half in length, the Grand Federal Procession was an ambitious act of political street theater, scripted by federalist supporters of the newly ratified U.S. Constitution and performed in the streets of Philadelphia on the Fourth of July 1788. Dorwart, Jeffery M. Fort Mifflin of Philadelphia: An Illustrated History. While the historical context and the individual actors changed over time, a firm belief that basic education for all could foster social equality animated reform in every era. Virtual Marching Tour of the American Revolutionary War The Philadelphia Campaign: 1777. Between 1683 and 1800 thousands of Pietists crossed the Atlantic Ocean looking for a place where they could follow their conscience in religious matters. When the delegates to Congress declared independence from Great Britain on July 2, 1776, they also secured Philadelphia’s enduring place in American history. Despite ⇒ Read More, On October 4, 1779, the home of noted Pennsylvania lawyer and statesman James Wilson (1742-98) on the southwest corner of Third and Walnut Streets in Philadelphia became a flash point for Philadelphians divided by politics and class. Others who worked with wood included carpenters, coopers, shipwrights, and wheelwrights. A large number of “neutrals” also struggled with increasing difficulty to remain uninvolved in the conflict. Meeting in Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress appointed a committee that began drafting the Articles in 1776. Situated midway between New England and the southern colonies, Philadelphia became the capital of the American Revolution as representatives gathered for the First and Second Continental Congresses. Primary among them was salt, the essential ingredient in curing meats and preserving foods through the winter. Since the colonial era, it has been a driving social concern in the Mid-Atlantic region, where urban centers, including Philadelphia, attracted poor migrants seeking new economic prospects. Lotteries have drawn multitudes of customers seeking cash and other prizes, but over three ⇒ Read More, During the American Revolution, Loyalists, or “Tories” as Patriots called them, included prominent Pennsylvania political and religious leaders as well as many less affluent individuals from the state’s Quaker and German pacifist communities. Pennsylvania was the site of key events and places related to the American Revolution. From the unrepresentative “closed ⇒ Read More, Because of Greater Philadelphia’s position as a political, cultural, and economic hub, the region’s residents have often found their daily lives deeply affected by times of national crisis. : Harvard University Press, 1979. Fort Mifflin. As the chief medical city in the United States during this period, Philadelphia also became the leading center ⇒ Read More, The Anglican Church came to Philadelphia under the terms of the 1681 Pennsylvania charter, which welcomed all who “acknowledge one almighty God.” In 1695, thirty-nine Anglicans formed Philadelphia’s Christ Church, the first Anglican congregation in Pennsylvania, and requested a minister from the bishop of London, who oversaw the Church of England in the colonies. Although Philadelphia lost that primacy in the nineteenth century, firms specializing in medical and religious publishing continued to do well. During the American Revolution, Loyalists, or “Tories” as Patriots called them, included prominent Pennsylvania political and religious leaders as well as many less affluent individuals from the state’s Quaker and German pacifist communities. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2006. The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun.The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence Longstanding institutions, including the American Philosophical Society (1743), the Academy of Natural Sciences (1812), and the Franklin Institute (1824), have garnered national and international accolades, while many ⇒ Read More, Pennsylvania’s Scots Irish, a hybrid people of Scots and Irish ancestry, were the most numerically predominant group within an Irish diaspora migration that brought between 250,000 and 500,000 Irish immigrants (most of them Protestants from Ulster and predominately Presbyterians) to America between 1700 and 1820. As the Continental Army disbanded, its veterans often met at City Tavern and the first general meeting of America’s first veterans’ organization, the General Society of the Cincinnati, occurred there on May 4, 1784. The state, and especially the city of Philadelphia, played a critical role in the American Revolution. Penn’s knowledge of plague and a devastating conflagration in 1660s London prompted the width of the ⇒ Read More, The Philadelphia mayoralty, almost as old as the city itself, has changed markedly since its inception. Mitnick, Barbara J. Alongside merchants in New York, Boston, and Salem, Philadelphians were pioneers in the trade, risking their ships and capital in new long-distance sailing routes that crisscrossed the globe to generate the silver ⇒ Read More, Since Philadelphia’s founding, a council or—for over a century—councils have been central to the work of municipal government. The methods and institutions that these leaders used throughout the nineteenth century ⇒ Read More, Slavery and the slave trade were central to the history of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Philadelphia as the region economically benefited from the institution and dealt with tensions created by slave trading, slave holding, and abolitionism. Early coffeehouses primarily served the needs of traders and mariners, acting as crucial centers of commerce. Published in 1798, it was the first of four novels Brown wrote over a span of only eighteen months. By the eighteenth century, courthouses with clock towers and cupolas defined city squares and communal networks. Olton, Charles S. Artisans for Independence: Philadelphia Mechanics and the American Revolution. At the start of the American Revolution, the British Navy blockaded American ports and largely shut off the supply of imported salt. Looting, though against Howe’s wishes, was frequent, even after discovering that Continental troops took most of the useful military supplies with them. The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution. Clashes between nativists and immigrants between the 1720s and the 1920s helped to set the boundaries of the city as well as define the limits of American ⇒ Read More, New Year’s celebrations in the Philadelphia region have often included parties, formal wear, fireworks, and parades as part of a two-day, secular celebration from December 31 to January 1. Despite the area’s vibrant ⇒ Read More, From the late seventeenth century to the mid-twentieth century, Philadelphia’s printing and publishing industry was a central component of the city’s evolution from “Green Country Town” to “Cradle of Liberty” to “Workshop of the World.” Growing their operations from small do-it-all shops into large fully mechanized publishing houses, Philadelphia’s printers and publishers capitalized on the ⇒ Read More, In the late 1700s, on the heels of the American Revolution, Philadelphia emerged as a national and international leader in prison reform and the transformation of criminal justice practices. Men and women have often nursed their sick families and friends at home, which for millennia represented the best, safest, and most comforting site for treatment and care. Although New Jersey and Delaware had European settlers before Philadelphia’s establishment in 1682, Pennsylvania and its founding city quickly became the focus of economic activity in the region extending both east and west of the Delaware River. Laws created to aid them ⇒ Read More, In 1777 the Continental Army, unable to prevent the British forces from taking Philadelphia, retreated to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777-78. Professor Rosswurm has produced a well researched though somewhat Marxist account of the events and significance of the American Revolution in the City of Brotherly Love, Philadelphia. Members ⇒ Read More, Moral doubt over the cruel usage of animals has a long history in Philadelphia. No longer productive in the early twentieth century, the island ⇒ Read More, Although Philadelphia has been a premier city for medical innovation since the mid-eighteenth century, the diverse peoples of the region also have used home remedies to heal themselves.