Bolstering sanctions, the EU agrees to a ban on the import of Syrian oil.Following a four-day conference of Syrian opposition activists in Istanbul, 140 people are selected to form the Syrian National Council, a council claiming to represent the Syrian opposition.In the first large-scale battle between government forces and the armed opposition, Syrian troops clash with army defectors—including members of the Free Syrian Army—in the city of Al-Rastan. The Syrian Nation Council issues a statement calling on the international community to defend protesters in Syria.China and Russia veto a UN Security Council resolution that condemns the Syrian government’s crackdowns and indicates that the continuation of violence against protesters could lead to international sanctions. The Arab Spring united, for a brief time, both secularists and Islamists, left wing groups and advocates of liberal economic reform, middle classes and the poor. The Syrian government declares victory in Aleppo after the last rebel fighters are evacuated from the city. Black markets and smuggling rings became the norm, and the regime looked the other way.

Representatives of the president hint that new reforms will be undertaken. In Syrian tanks and troops are dispatched to Ḥamāh, where security forces raid houses and arrest suspected dissidents.Amid concerns that the Syrian military’s actions in Ḥamāh could lead to a massacre, the U.S. ambassador to Syria shows solidarity with protesters by visiting Ḥamāh.

Journal. Following his defection, Hijab predicts the imminent collapse of the Assad regime.The UN formally ends its monitoring mission in Syria.Brahimi arrives in Damascus to meet for the first time with Assad and other senior Syrian officials.Speaking at the UN headquarters in New York after his first trip to Syria, Brahimi states that the situation in Syria is continuing to deteriorate and that he is pessimistic about the chances for a negotiated peace in the immediate future.After a week of negotiations in Qatar, Syrian opposition leaders announce the formation of a new Syrian opposition coalition, called the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (and sometimes also called the Syrian National Coalition). By 2000, however, the Baathist ideology was reduced to an empty shell, discredited by lost wars with Israel and a crippled economy. After a brief cease-fire fails, Russia and Syrian government forces begin heavy bombardment of rebel-held territory in Aleppo. No progress is made, and the sessions are suspended in February.The last of the Syrian government’s declared stockpile of chemical weapons are removed from the country under the terms of the U.S.-Russian agreement from September 2013.After making significant territorial gains in Iraq in addition to its territory in Syria, the extremist militant group The United States and a coalition of Arab countries expand their air campaign against ISIL to strike targets in Syria as well as Iraq.Russia carries out its first air strikes in Syria.

In March 2011 antigovernment protests broke out in Syria, inspired by a wave of similar demonstrations elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa that had begun in December 2010.

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Check out Britannica's new site for parents! Days later, however, spokesmen for the group denounce the video as a forgery and deny responsibility for the attack. The agreement is meant to de-escalate a potentially devastating attempt by the government to capture the last rebel-held territory.Idlib comes under assault from Syrian government forces backed by Russian air strikes, but rebel forces are able to push the fighting back into the neighbouring province of Hama.Turkey launches an offensive into the Kurdish region of northeastern Syria, days after the United States says it would not fight such an incursion.

U.S. and French officials accuse the Syrian government of permitting the attacks to take place.The Syrian cabinet approves a draft law allowing for the formation of new political parties in Syria. The The UN estimates that 60,000 people have been killed since the beginning of the conflict in 2011.Syrian officials accuse Israel of launching air strikes against a Syrian military research facility near Damascus. But what were the causes?The Syrian Baath Party is regarded as the founder of "Arab socialism," an ideological current that merged the state-led economy with Pan-Arab nationalism. The uprising spread throughout the country, demanding Assad's resignation and an end to his authoritarian leadership. Search Britannica

His calls for a national dialogue are dismissed by the opposition.The Syrian government permits some Syrian opposition leaders to hold a rare public meeting in a hotel in Damascus.

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