Differential pressure transducers often are used in flow measurement where they are designed for differential pressure measurement across a venturi, orifice, or other type of primary element. However, they are only effective within a specific pressure range and, like aneroid barometers, have a slow response rate that is inadequate for dynamic pressure sensing.Although they function according to the same essential principles as aneroid barometers, bourdon tubes employ a helical or C-shaped sensing element instead of a hollow capsule. The most common form of the manometer is the U-shaped model in which pressure is applied to one side of a tube, displacing liquid and causing a drop in fluid level at one end and a correlating rise at the other. Electrical resistance rises proportionally and is calibrated against pressure in order to provide an effective measurement of the vacuum.Ion or cold cathode sensors are commonly used for higher vacuum range applications. Many can be specified with a stainless steel case and/or diaphragm for increased corrosion resistance. And how do you know which one to use? When searching for the right pressure sensor, you’ll want to consider the media they’re designed to measure, i.e. the different types of gases and liquids:Although many of the above can be adapted for use with corrosive substances, you can also find sensors specifically designed to measure corrosive media.Sensors used in chemical processes may need to withstand exposure to corrosive media such as acids or alkalis. This impacts not only the choice of sensor materials, but also hygiene.

One side of the sensor is exposed to the medium to be measured, and the other side is sealed to effect a vacuum.A gauge sensor (see diagram to the right) measures pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. The charge magnitude is proportional to the force applied, and the polarity expresses its direction. See All these sensors are used for measuring one of the physical properties like Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat Transfer etc. These devices use a higher supply voltage level such as  8-28VDC. Case and diaphragm materials such as super-nickel alloys or titanium are often recommended.Sensors may also be specified with parts such as o-rings made from viton, instead of rubber, for increased resistance to ageing and corrosion. Each tube has an elliptical cross-section that causes the tube to straighten as more pressure is applied. This is measured in reference to atmospheric pressure which is typically 14.7 PSI. One difference to note is that pressure sensors are different from pressure gauges. Generally, the helical tube is more compact and offers a more reliable performance than the C-shaped sensing element.Vacuum pressure is below atmospheric pressure levels, and it can be challenging to detect through mechanical methods. Manufacturers and suppliers of these devices may use one or more of these terms to describe their product offerings. Alternatively, the diaphragm may be welded to the sensor body to enhance corrosion resistance.Among general industrial pressure sensors, the measurement range can be 0-25 bar or 0-50 bar for light hydraulics applications or similar, while higher-range sensors can be designed for measuring up to 1000 bar or 5000 bar, or more. The following is a list of different types of sensors that are commonly used in various applications. For this reason, different tube materials are associated with different pressure ranges. Similarly, a gauge pressure sensor detects values relative to atmospheric pressure, and part of the device is usually exposed to ambient conditions. Co-packaged signal-conditioning electronics convert the small-magnitude MEMS electrical output to an analogue or digital signal. These are:Potentiometric pressure sensors use a Bourdon tube, capsule, or bellows which drives a wiper arm, providing relatively course pressure measurements.Inductive pressure sensors use a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) to vary the degree of inductive coupling that occurs between the primary and secondary coils of the transformer.Capacitive pressure sensors use a diaphragm that is deflected by the applied pressure which results in a change in the capacitance value, which can then be calibrated to provide a pressure reading.Piezoelectric pressure sensors rely on the ability of materials such as ceramic or metalized quartz to generate an electrical potential when the material is subjected to mechanical stress.Strain gauge pressure sensors rely on a measurement of the change in resistance that occurs in a material such as silicon when it is subjected to mechanical stress, known as the piezoresistive effect.Variable reluctance pressure sensors make use of a diaphragm that is contained in a magnetic circuit.

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