Identi-The reactions of mock jurors to the Department of JusticeGuidelines for the Collection and Preservation of Eye-Leippe, M.R. Press accounts of these exonerations caught the atten-tion of U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, and an early reportcommissioned by Reno revealed that 26 of the first 28 exoner-ations were cases of mistaken eyewitness identification (Con-nors, Lundregan, Miller, & McEwan, 1996). ... interferes with the pursuit of justice and Mnsterberg argues that only psychological experiment can bring such deficiency to light (199). (1999). With the exceptionof two field studies, all the studies have tested volunteer wit-nesses (typically college students) in the laboratory.

A subset of the variables that affect eyewitness accuracy fall into what researchers call system variables, which are variables that the criminal justice system has control over, such as how eyewitnesses are instructed before they view a lineup and methods of interviewing eyewitnesses. In theUnited Kingdom, there has been a move toward the use of videoHeaton, 1999). For these reasons, eyewitnessscientists concern themselves with both social-influence vari-Research on interviewing eyewitnesses dates back to the early1900s. Peşi sıra açılan yeni psikoloji laboratuvarlarında da pek çok araştırma yürütülmüştür. The current study examines police officers' knowledge regarding factors affecting witness memory as well as witness interview and identification practices in Taiwan, after relevant judicial reform had been implemented for more than a decade. The 1940s produced some importantstudies by Snee and Lush (1941) on question effects and byAllport and Postman (1947) on person-to-person informationtransfer. Ross,Tulving, E., & Thomson, D.M. The focus on target identification has alsoresulted in research that has selectively focused on the impact ofa specific system or estimator variable on lineup performance,instead of exploring relevant interactions. The robber was less accuratelyidentified when he was disguised: 45% of the participantsidentified the robber in the lineup test if he wore no hat duringthe robbery; only 27% identified him if he wore a hatShapiro and Penrod, in their 1986 meta-analysis, coded ex-periments for whether or not faces were changed between theinitial viewing and recognition phases. The increase in errorsthat occasionally occurs could be somewhat problematic (for adiscussion, see Memon & Stevenage, 1996; Memon, 2006).Some have argued that the production of incorrect as well ascorrect information suggests that the CI may be affecting reportcriteria (Memon & Higham, 1999; Roberts & Higham, 2002).Others argue that there is no suggestion that witnesses shouldlower their output criteria to produce unsure responses and in-terviewers should instruct witnesses not to guess or fabricatedetails (Fisher et al., 2002). Mediation of interpersonal ex-Hastorf, A.H., & Cantrill, H. (1954). (1911). We assessed whether these beliefs were stable over time, by comparing our data to a sample of data collected 25 years earlier. of the participants were presented with incriminating evidence, while the other half Similarlyfiller-biased lineup has little effect on accurate identificationsfrom target-present lineups but increases mistaken identifica-1993). Robinson, M.D., & Johnson, J.T. We examine the predictive validity of different measures of diagnostic accuracy in eyewitness identification procedures. Two primarystrategies for selecting fillers have been advocated. Occasionawitness can be taken back to the scene of the crime.

When face recognition fails.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning andceptual properties in different modalities produces switchingPenrod, S. (2003, Spring).

Until then, crime estimates were locked up in an administrative monopoly : the only available figures resulted from counting the activities of various criminal justice agencies. Note that one cannot mistakenly identifyan innocent suspect in a target-present lineup. For example,rate was 20.8% for violent crimes and 17.6% for nonviolentwhen there was no weapon. While this is due largely to the lack of any ethical requirements for studies it sure did throw out some interesting results and psychologists. Furthermore, ‘‘groundactual facts of the witnessed event) is readily established inexperimenters. It is imperative that interviewersremind witnesses that if they are unsure of an answer to aquestion, they should say so and not guess. However, those whoare specialists may already have an established protocolinterviewing and thus be less willing to adopt new techniquesis a need for more extensive training programs on witness-interviewing techniques for new police officers.

The results indicated that evidence direction For example,is the weapon-focus effect more pronounced when a witness hasa shorter exposure to the target, when the retention intervalis longer, and when the witness is making a cross-raceidentification? MacLeod, M. (2002).

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